Nigeria’s Foreign Policy, South-South Cooperation, and Dynamics of Observer Status in the BRICS

Abstract

Nigeria’s longstanding role as a supporter of the Global South is increasingly challenged by shifting geopolitical alliances. This paper examines how Nigerian foreign policy engages with South–South cooperation through its observer status in BRICS, a group that is increasingly seen as a counterbalance to Western-led institutions. The study employs complementary theories of South–South cooperation and neoclassical realism as its theoretical framework. Adopting a qualitative approach, the research reviews secondary data sources such as journal articles, books, newspapers, and policy documents to investigate the political motives, economic objectives, and strategic trade-offs that characterize Nigeria’s engagement with BRICS. The analysis argues that while observer status confers symbolic prestige and presents potential opportunities for investment, trade diversification, and diplomatic influence, these advantages will largely remain unrealized without deliberate policy alignment and stronger bilateral relationships with BRICS members. The findings highlight the delicate balance Nigeria must strike between ambition and practicality, revealing both the opportunities and challenges of navigating a multipolar world from the perspective of the Global South.